Recognizing the Signs of Self-Harm in Children

Children are faced with a wide range of pressures and stressors in this modern world. While some children are able to cope with these pressures and stresses in healthy ways, others may struggle to find constructive ways to cope with the problems they are facing. For some children, self-harm may be an outlet through which they express their pain and cope with difficult emotions. It is important to be aware of the signs of self-harm in children so that parents, educators, and other adults can respond in a way that is supportive and helpful.

Self-harm can be defined as any behavior in which a person deliberately inflicts physical harm or injury upon themselves with the intent of relieving distress or negative emotions. The most common forms of self-harm in children are cutting, burning, scratching, or hitting oneself, though other forms of self-harm can include hair-pulling, interfering with wound healing, excessive risk-taking behaviors, and excessive use of alcohol or drugs. It is important to note that not all forms of self-harm are visible; some children may engage in self-harm without leaving any physical evidence.

Research has shown that self-harm is a growing problem amongst children and adolescents. A recent study conducted by the American Academy of Paediatrics (AAP) found that one in four adolescents had engaged in self-harm. The study also found that self-harm was more common in girls than boys and was most likely to occur during the middle school years.

Other studies have identified several risk factors associated with self-harm in children. A study conducted by the American Psychological Association (APA) found that children who had experienced physical or sexual abuse were more likely to engage in self-harm. The study also found that children who had experienced emotional neglect or had difficulties regulating their emotions were more likely to self-harm.

Research has also found that certain coping skills can help reduce the risk of self-harm in children. A study conducted by the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (AACAP) found that teaching children healthy coping skills such as deep breathing, progressive muscle relaxation, and thought-stopping techniques can help reduce the risk of self-harm. The study also found that teaching children problem-solving skills, communication skills, and anger management techniques could help reduce the risk of self-harm.

Finally, research has shown that parental involvement is key in helping children who are engaging in self-harm. A study conducted by the American Academy of Paediatrics (AAP) found that parental support and involvement could help reduce the risk of self-harm in children. The study also found that parental involvement could help children find healthier ways to cope with their emotions.

Overall, it is important to be aware of the signs of self-harm in children and to take action if you suspect a child is engaging in self-harm. It is also important to seek professional help if you suspect that a child is engaging in self-harm and to ensure that the child is provided with the support, resources, and coping skills they need to overcome their difficulties.

Although the exact causes of self-harm in children are not fully understood, it is believed to be a form of coping with difficult emotions and stressors. Children who self-harm often feel overwhelmed by their emotions and turn to self-harm as a way to cope. Self-harm can also be a way for children to express feelings of anger, sadness, guilt, or hopelessness. Other potential risk factors for self-harm include bullying, trauma, perfectionism, low self-esteem, and a lack of emotional regulation skills.

It is important to be aware of the signs and symptoms of self-harm in children so that adults can respond in a supportive and helpful way. Some of the warning signs of self-harm in children include physical signs such as cuts, bruises, or burns on the body, or the presence of sharp objects such as razors, knives, or lighters. Other signs may include wearing long sleeves or pants in warm weather, avoidance of social situations, or isolation from family and friends. Other warning signs can include a dramatic change in mood or behavior, sudden withdrawal from activities, or a decline in academic performance.

If you suspect that a child may be engaging in self-harm, it is important to respond in a non-judgmental and supportive manner. It is important to listen to the child and acknowledge the feelings they are experiencing without passing judgment. It is also important to emphasize that self-harm is not an effective way to cope with difficult emotions and that there are other healthier ways to cope.

Seeking professional help is often the best way to help a child who is engaging in self-harm. It is important to find a mental health provider who is knowledgeable about self-harm and who is able to provide the child with the support and resources they need. With the right support, children can learn healthy coping skills and find healthier ways to express their emotions.

References:

Fenton, H., & Schimmenti, A. (2018). Self-Harm in Adolescents. American Academy of Pediatrics, 142(6), 1–6. doi: 10.1542/peds.2018-1750

Grossman, M., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2008). Self-harm in children and adolescents. American Psychological Association, 63(9), 1038–1045. doi: 10.1037/a0012877

Sadock, B. J., & Sadock, V. A. (2007). Kaplan & Sadock’s Synopsis of Psychiatry: Behavioral Sciences/Clinical Psychiatry. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

Strasburger, V. C., & Donnerstein, E. (2012). Adolescents, Media, and Violence. American Academy of Pediatrics, 130(5), 993–998. doi: 10.1542/peds.2012-3114

Tillman, R. H., & Chisolm, M. S. (2007). Parent Involvement and Reducing Self-Harm in Children and Adolescents. American Academy of Pediatrics, 119(6), 1310–1316. doi: 10.1542/peds.2007-0740